USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) funds public research to address high-priority threats to crop production. An important example is research at the University of Idaho to manage a newly invasive cereal aphid pest, M. festucae cerealium. Knowledge of the cereal aphid and its genetic diversity is lacking, but essential to develop effective strategies for control, including economic thresholds, resistances to pesticides, and ability to transmit virus diseases.